729 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
729 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
---
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name: django-tdd
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description: 使用 pytest-django 實施 Django 測試策略、TDD 方法論、factory_boy、Mock 模擬、覆蓋率以及 Django REST Framework API 的測試。
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---
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# Django TDD 測試實踐
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針對 Django 應用程序的使用 pytest、factory_boy 和 Django REST Framework 的測試驅動開發 (TDD)。
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## 何時啟用
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- 撰寫新 Django 應用程序。
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- 實作 Django REST Framework API。
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- 測試 Django 模型 (Models)、視圖 (Views) 和序列化程式 (Serializers)。
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- 為 Django 專案設置測試基礎設施。
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## Django 的 TDD 工作流
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### 紅燈-綠燈-重構 週期 (Red-Green-Refactor Cycle)
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```python
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# 步驟 1: 紅燈 (RED) - 撰寫會失敗的測試
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def test_user_creation():
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user = User.objects.create_user(email='test@example.com', password='testpass123')
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assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
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assert user.check_password('testpass123')
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assert not user.is_staff
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# 步驟 2: 綠燈 (GREEN) - 讓測試通過
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# 建立 User 模型或 Factory 物件
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# 步驟 3: 重構 (REFACTOR) - 在保持綠燈狀態下改進程式碼
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```
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## 環境設置
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### pytest 配置
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```ini
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# pytest.ini
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[pytest]
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DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = config.settings.test
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testpaths = tests
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python_files = test_*.py
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python_classes = Test*
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python_functions = test_*
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addopts =
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--reuse-db
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--nomigrations
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--cov=apps
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--cov-report=html
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--cov-report=term-missing
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--strict-markers
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markers =
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slow: 標記為較慢的測試
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integration: 標記為整合測試
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```
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### 測試環境設定 (Test Settings)
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```python
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# config/settings/test.py
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from .base import *
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DEBUG = True
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DATABASES = {
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'default': {
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'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
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'NAME': ':memory:',
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}
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}
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# 為了提升速度而停用遷移 (Migrations)
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class DisableMigrations:
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def __contains__(self, item):
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return True
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def __getitem__(self, item):
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return None
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MIGRATION_MODULES = DisableMigrations()
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# 使用較快的密碼雜湊算法
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PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
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'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
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]
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# 郵件後端設定
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EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
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# Celery 設定為 Eager 模式
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CELERY_TASK_ALWAYS_EAGER = True
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CELERY_TASK_EAGER_PROPAGATES = True
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```
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### conftest.py
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```python
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# tests/conftest.py
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import pytest
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from django.utils import timezone
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from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
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User = get_user_model()
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@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
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def timezone_settings(settings):
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"""確保時區一致性。"""
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settings.TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
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@pytest.fixture
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def user(db):
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"""建立測試用使用者。"""
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return User.objects.create_user(
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email='test@example.com',
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password='testpass123',
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username='testuser'
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)
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@pytest.fixture
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def admin_user(db):
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"""建立管理員使用者。"""
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return User.objects.create_superuser(
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email='admin@example.com',
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password='adminpass123',
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username='admin'
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)
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@pytest.fixture
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def authenticated_client(client, user):
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"""回傳已登入的用戶端。"""
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client.force_login(user)
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return client
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@pytest.fixture
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def api_client():
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"""回傳 DRF API 用戶端。"""
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from rest_framework.test import APIClient
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return APIClient()
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@pytest.fixture
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def authenticated_api_client(api_client, user):
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"""回傳已驗證的 API 用戶端。"""
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api_client.force_authenticate(user=user)
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return api_client
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```
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## Factory Boy
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### Factory 設置
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```python
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# tests/factories.py
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import factory
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from factory import fuzzy
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from datetime import datetime, timedelta
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from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
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from apps.products.models import Product, Category
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User = get_user_model()
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class UserFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
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"""User 模型的 Factory。"""
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class Meta:
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model = User
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email = factory.Sequence(lambda n: f"user{n}@example.com")
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username = factory.Sequence(lambda n: f"user{n}")
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password = factory.PostGenerationMethodCall('set_password', 'testpass123')
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first_name = factory.Faker('first_name')
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last_name = factory.Faker('last_name')
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is_active = True
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class CategoryFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
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"""Category 模型的 Factory。"""
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class Meta:
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model = Category
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name = factory.Faker('word')
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slug = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda obj: obj.name.lower())
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description = factory.Faker('text')
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class ProductFactory(factory.django.DjangoModelFactory):
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"""Product 模型的 Factory。"""
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class Meta:
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model = Product
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name = factory.Faker('sentence', nb_words=3)
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slug = factory.LazyAttribute(lambda obj: obj.name.lower().replace(' ', '-'))
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description = factory.Faker('text')
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price = fuzzy.FuzzyDecimal(10.00, 1000.00, 2)
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stock = fuzzy.FuzzyInteger(0, 100)
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is_active = True
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category = factory.SubFactory(CategoryFactory)
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created_by = factory.SubFactory(UserFactory)
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@factory.post_generation
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def tags(self, create, extracted, **kwargs):
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"""為產品增加標籤。"""
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if not create:
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return
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if extracted:
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for tag in extracted:
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self.tags.add(tag)
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```
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### 使用 Factories
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```python
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# tests/test_models.py
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import pytest
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from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory
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def test_product_creation():
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"""使用 factory 測試產品建立。"""
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product = ProductFactory(price=100.00, stock=50)
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assert product.price == 100.00
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assert product.stock == 50
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assert product.is_active is True
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def test_product_with_tags():
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"""測試帶有標籤的產品。"""
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tags = [TagFactory(name='electronics'), TagFactory(name='new')]
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product = ProductFactory(tags=tags)
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assert product.tags.count() == 2
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def test_multiple_products():
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"""測試建立多個產品。"""
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products = ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
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assert len(products) == 10
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```
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## 模型測試 (Model Testing)
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### 模型測試範例
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```python
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# tests/test_models.py
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import pytest
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from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
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from tests.factories import UserFactory, ProductFactory
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class TestUserModel:
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"""測試 User 模型。"""
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def test_create_user(self, db):
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"""測試建立一般使用者。"""
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user = UserFactory(email='test@example.com')
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assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
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assert user.check_password('testpass123')
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assert not user.is_staff
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assert not user.is_superuser
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def test_create_superuser(self, db):
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"""測試建立超級使用者。"""
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user = UserFactory(
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email='admin@example.com',
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is_staff=True,
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is_superuser=True
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)
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assert user.is_staff
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assert user.is_superuser
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def test_user_str(self, db):
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"""測試使用者字串表示形式。"""
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user = UserFactory(email='test@example.com')
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assert str(user) == 'test@example.com'
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class TestProductModel:
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"""測試 Product 模型。"""
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def test_product_creation(self, db):
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"""測試建立產品。"""
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product = ProductFactory()
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assert product.id is not None
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assert product.is_active is True
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assert product.created_at is not None
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def test_product_slug_generation(self, db):
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"""測試自動生成 Slug。"""
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product = ProductFactory(name='Test Product')
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assert product.slug == 'test-product'
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def test_product_price_validation(self, db):
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"""測試價格不能為負數。"""
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product = ProductFactory(price=-10)
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with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
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product.full_clean()
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def test_product_manager_active(self, db):
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"""測試 active 管理員方法。"""
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ProductFactory.create_batch(5, is_active=True)
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ProductFactory.create_batch(3, is_active=False)
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active_count = Product.objects.active().count()
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assert active_count == 5
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def test_product_stock_management(self, db):
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"""測試庫存管理。"""
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product = ProductFactory(stock=10)
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product.reduce_stock(5)
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product.refresh_from_db()
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assert product.stock == 5
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with pytest.raises(ValueError):
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product.reduce_stock(10) # 庫存不足
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```
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## 視圖測試 (View Testing)
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### Django 視圖測試
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```python
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# tests/test_views.py
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import pytest
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from django.urls import reverse
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from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory
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class TestProductViews:
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"""測試產品視圖。"""
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def test_product_list(self, client, db):
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"""測試產品列表視圖。"""
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ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
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response = client.get(reverse('products:list'))
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assert response.status_code == 200
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assert len(response.context['products']) == 10
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def test_product_detail(self, client, db):
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"""測試產品詳情視圖。"""
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product = ProductFactory()
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response = client.get(reverse('products:detail', kwargs={'slug': product.slug}))
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assert response.status_code == 200
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assert response.context['product'] == product
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def test_product_create_requires_login(self, client, db):
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"""測試建立產品需要身分驗證。"""
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response = client.get(reverse('products:create'))
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assert response.status_code == 302
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assert response.url.startswith('/accounts/login/')
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def test_product_create_authenticated(self, authenticated_client, db):
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"""測試以已驗證使用者身分建立產品。"""
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response = authenticated_client.get(reverse('products:create'))
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assert response.status_code == 200
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def test_product_create_post(self, authenticated_client, db, category):
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"""測試透過 POST 建立產品。"""
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data = {
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'name': 'Test Product',
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'description': 'A test product',
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'price': '99.99',
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'stock': 10,
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'category': category.id,
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}
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response = authenticated_client.post(reverse('products:create'), data)
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assert response.status_code == 302
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assert Product.objects.filter(name='Test Product').exists()
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```
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## DRF API 測試
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### 序列化程式 (Serializer) 測試
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```python
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# tests/test_serializers.py
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import pytest
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from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
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from apps.products.serializers import ProductSerializer
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from tests.factories import ProductFactory
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class TestProductSerializer:
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"""測試 ProductSerializer。"""
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def test_serialize_product(self, db):
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"""測試序列化產品。"""
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product = ProductFactory()
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serializer = ProductSerializer(product)
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data = serializer.data
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assert data['id'] == product.id
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assert data['name'] == product.name
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assert data['price'] == str(product.price)
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def test_deserialize_product(self, db):
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"""測試反序列化產品資料。"""
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data = {
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'name': 'Test Product',
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'description': 'Test description',
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'price': '99.99',
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'stock': 10,
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'category': 1,
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}
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serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)
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assert serializer.is_valid()
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product = serializer.save()
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assert product.name == 'Test Product'
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assert float(product.price) == 99.99
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def test_price_validation(self, db):
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"""測試價格驗證。"""
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data = {
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'name': 'Test Product',
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'price': '-10.00',
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'stock': 10,
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}
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serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)
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assert not serializer.is_valid()
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assert 'price' in serializer.errors
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def test_stock_validation(self, db):
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"""測試庫存不能為負數。"""
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data = {
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'name': 'Test Product',
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'price': '99.99',
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'stock': -5,
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}
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serializer = ProductSerializer(data=data)
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assert not serializer.is_valid()
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assert 'stock' in serializer.errors
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```
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### API ViewSet 測試
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```python
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# tests/test_api.py
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import pytest
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from rest_framework.test import APIClient
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from rest_framework import status
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from django.urls import reverse
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from tests.factories import ProductFactory, UserFactory
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class TestProductAPI:
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"""測試產品 API 端點。"""
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@pytest.fixture
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def api_client(self):
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"""回傳 API 用戶端。"""
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return APIClient()
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def test_list_products(self, api_client, db):
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"""測試列表顯示產品。"""
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ProductFactory.create_batch(10)
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url = reverse('api:product-list')
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response = api_client.get(url)
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
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assert response.data['count'] == 10
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def test_retrieve_product(self, api_client, db):
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"""測試獲取單一產品詳情。"""
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product = ProductFactory()
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url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
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response = api_client.get(url)
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
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assert response.data['id'] == product.id
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def test_create_product_unauthorized(self, api_client, db):
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"""測試未經授權建立產品。"""
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url = reverse('api:product-list')
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data = {'name': 'Test Product', 'price': '99.99'}
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response = api_client.post(url, data)
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
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def test_create_product_authorized(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
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"""測試以已驗證使用者身分建立產品。"""
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url = reverse('api:product-list')
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data = {
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'name': 'Test Product',
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'description': 'Test',
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'price': '99.99',
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'stock': 10,
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}
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response = authenticated_api_client.post(url, data)
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_201_CREATED
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assert response.data['name'] == 'Test Product'
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def test_update_product(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
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"""測試更新產品。"""
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product = ProductFactory(created_by=authenticated_api_client.user)
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url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
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data = {'name': 'Updated Product'}
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response = authenticated_api_client.patch(url, data)
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
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assert response.data['name'] == 'Updated Product'
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def test_delete_product(self, authenticated_api_client, db):
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"""測試刪除產品。"""
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product = ProductFactory(created_by=authenticated_api_client.user)
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url = reverse('api:product-detail', kwargs={'pk': product.id})
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response = authenticated_api_client.delete(url)
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT
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def test_filter_products_by_price(self, api_client, db):
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"""測試依價格篩選產品。"""
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ProductFactory(price=50)
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ProductFactory(price=150)
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url = reverse('api:product-list')
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response = api_client.get(url, {'price_min': 100})
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assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
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assert response.data['count'] == 1
|
||
|
||
def test_search_products(self, api_client, db):
|
||
"""測試搜尋產品。"""
|
||
ProductFactory(name='Apple iPhone')
|
||
ProductFactory(name='Samsung Galaxy')
|
||
|
||
url = reverse('api:product-list')
|
||
response = api_client.get(url, {'search': 'Apple'})
|
||
|
||
assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
|
||
assert response.data['count'] == 1
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Mock 模擬與 Patch 修補
|
||
|
||
### 模擬外部服務
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# tests/test_views.py
|
||
from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
|
||
import pytest
|
||
|
||
class TestPaymentView:
|
||
"""使用模擬付款閘道器的付款視圖測試。"""
|
||
|
||
@patch('apps.payments.services.stripe')
|
||
def test_successful_payment(self, mock_stripe, client, user, product):
|
||
"""測試使用模擬 Stripe 的成功付款流程。"""
|
||
# 配置模擬對象
|
||
mock_stripe.Charge.create.return_value = {
|
||
'id': 'ch_123',
|
||
'status': 'succeeded',
|
||
'amount': 9999,
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
client.force_login(user)
|
||
response = client.post(reverse('payments:process'), {
|
||
'product_id': product.id,
|
||
'token': 'tok_visa',
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
assert response.status_code == 302
|
||
mock_stripe.Charge.create.assert_called_once()
|
||
|
||
@patch('apps.payments.services.stripe')
|
||
def test_failed_payment(self, mock_stripe, client, user, product):
|
||
"""測試付款失敗的情境。"""
|
||
mock_stripe.Charge.create.side_effect = Exception('Card declined')
|
||
|
||
client.force_login(user)
|
||
response = client.post(reverse('payments:process'), {
|
||
'product_id': product.id,
|
||
'token': 'tok_visa',
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
assert response.status_code == 302
|
||
assert 'error' in response.url
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 模擬郵件發送
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# tests/test_email.py
|
||
from django.core import mail
|
||
from django.test import override_settings
|
||
|
||
@override_settings(EMAIL_BACKEND='django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend')
|
||
def test_order_confirmation_email(db, order):
|
||
"""測試訂單確認郵件。"""
|
||
order.send_confirmation_email()
|
||
|
||
assert len(mail.outbox) == 1
|
||
assert order.user.email in mail.outbox[0].to
|
||
assert 'Order Confirmation' in mail.outbox[0].subject
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 整合測試 (Integration Testing)
|
||
|
||
### 完整流程測試
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# tests/test_integration.py
|
||
import pytest
|
||
from django.urls import reverse
|
||
from tests.factories import UserFactory, ProductFactory
|
||
|
||
class TestCheckoutFlow:
|
||
"""測試完整的結帳流程。"""
|
||
|
||
def test_guest_to_purchase_flow(self, client, db):
|
||
"""測試從訪客到購買的完整流程。"""
|
||
# 步驟 1: 註冊
|
||
response = client.post(reverse('users:register'), {
|
||
'email': 'test@example.com',
|
||
'password': 'testpass123',
|
||
'password_confirm': 'testpass123',
|
||
})
|
||
assert response.status_code == 302
|
||
|
||
# 步驟 2: 登入
|
||
response = client.post(reverse('users:login'), {
|
||
'email': 'test@example.com',
|
||
'password': 'testpass123',
|
||
})
|
||
assert response.status_code == 302
|
||
|
||
# 步驟 3: 瀏覽產品
|
||
product = ProductFactory(price=100)
|
||
response = client.get(reverse('products:detail', kwargs={'slug': product.slug}))
|
||
assert response.status_code == 200
|
||
|
||
# 步驟 4: 加入購物車
|
||
response = client.post(reverse('cart:add'), {
|
||
'product_id': product.id,
|
||
'quantity': 1,
|
||
})
|
||
assert response.status_code == 302
|
||
|
||
# 步驟 5: 結帳確認
|
||
response = client.get(reverse('checkout:review'))
|
||
assert response.status_code == 200
|
||
assert product.name in response.content.decode()
|
||
|
||
# 步驟 6: 完成購買
|
||
with patch('apps.checkout.services.process_payment') as mock_payment:
|
||
mock_payment.return_value = True
|
||
response = client.post(reverse('checkout:complete'))
|
||
|
||
assert response.status_code == 302
|
||
assert Order.objects.filter(user__email='test@example.com').exists()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 測試最佳實踐
|
||
|
||
### 推薦做法 (DO)
|
||
|
||
- **使用 Factory**：取代手動建立物件。
|
||
- **單一測試單一斷言**：保持測試焦注。
|
||
- **具備描述性的測試名稱**：如 `test_user_cannot_delete_others_post`。
|
||
- **測試邊界案例**：包含空輸入、None 值、邊界條件等。
|
||
- **模擬外部服務**：不要依賴外部 API。
|
||
- **使用 Fixtures**：消除程式碼重複。
|
||
- **測試權限**：確保授權機制正常工作。
|
||
- **保持測試速度**：使用 `--reuse-db` 與 `--nomigrations`。
|
||
|
||
### 應避免的做法 (DON'T)
|
||
|
||
- **不要測試 Django 內部機制**：信任 Django 的功能。
|
||
- **不要測試第三方套件程式碼**：信任函式庫的功能。
|
||
- **不要忽視失敗的測試**：所有測試必須通過。
|
||
- **不要讓測試產生相依性**：測試應能以任何順序執行。
|
||
- **不要過度 Mock 模擬**：僅針對外部相依關係進行模擬。
|
||
- **不要測試私有方法**：測試公開介面即可。
|
||
- **不要使用生產環境資料庫**：務必使用測試資料庫。
|
||
|
||
## 覆蓋率 (Coverage)
|
||
|
||
### 覆蓋率配置
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# 執行帶有覆蓋率檢查的測試
|
||
pytest --cov=apps --cov-report=html --cov-report=term-missing
|
||
|
||
# 生成 HTML 報告
|
||
open htmlcov/index.html
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 覆蓋率目標 (Coverage Goals)
|
||
|
||
| 組件 | 目標覆蓋率 |
|
||
|-----------|-----------------|
|
||
| 模型 (Models) | 90%+ |
|
||
| 序列化程式 (Serializers) | 85%+ |
|
||
| 視圖 (Views) | 80%+ |
|
||
| 服務 (Services) | 90%+ |
|
||
| 工具類 (Utilities) | 80%+ |
|
||
| 整體 (Overall) | 80%+ |
|
||
|
||
## 快速參考
|
||
|
||
| 模式 | 用法 |
|
||
|---------|-------|
|
||
| `@pytest.mark.django_db` | 啟用資料庫存取權限 |
|
||
| `client` | Django 測試用戶端 |
|
||
| `api_client` | DRF API 用戶端 |
|
||
| `factory.create_batch(n)` | 建立多個物件 |
|
||
| `patch('module.function')` | 模擬外部相依關係 |
|
||
| `override_settings` | 暫時更改設定 |
|
||
| `force_authenticate()` | 在測試中略過驗證 |
|
||
| `assertRedirects` | 檢查重新導向 |
|
||
| `assertTemplateUsed` | 驗證範本的使用 |
|
||
| `mail.outbox` | 檢查發送的郵件 |
|
||
|
||
請記住：測試即文件。良好的測試能解釋程式碼應該如何工作。請保持測試簡單、易讀且易於維護。
|